MARYLAND AT A GLANCE

WILDLIFE

BIRDS

[photo, Mallard (male) (Anas platyrhynchos), Annapolis, Maryland]
  • Maryland Birds
  • Maryland State Bird


    • Mallard (male) (Anas platyrhynchos), Annapolis, Maryland, April 2017. Photo by Diane F. Evartt.

    [photo, Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias), Susquehanna River, Havre de Grace, Maryland]

    Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias), Susquehanna River, Havre de Grace, Maryland, June 2015. Photo by Sarah A. Hanks.

    [photo, Canada Goose (Branta canadensis), Solomons, Maryland] Maryland is known for its State bird, the Baltimore Oriole, but due to ecology and climate, many other species also call Maryland home.

    With over 400 different species of birds found in Maryland, the State has become a bird watchers paradise. Local bird watching organizations now are common, and Maryland companies offer guided and self-guided tours.

    Canada Goose (Branta canadensis), Solomons, Maryland, April 2019. Photo by Diane F. Evartt.

    [photo, Barred Owl at Maryland State Fair, Timonium, Maryland] Evolving trends in bird migration and resident species since Europeans traveled to Maryland over 400 years ago were described in Maryland, Efficiency, and Birds, an article from the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey.

    In their migration, about one third of all waterfowl wintering along the Atlantic Coast come to the Chesapeake Bay. Many other migratory birds, on their journeys south, find Maryland a convenient resting place. Indeed, during spring and fall migrations, many songbirds and shorebirds rest here. Others who go south for the winter revisit the Bay in spring to breed.


    Barred Owl (rescued by Maryland Park Service, Department of Natural Resources), Maryland State Fair, Timonium, Maryland, August 2014. Photo by Sarah A. Hanks.

    Several species of State-endangered colonial waterbirds, including the Black Skimmer, Common Tern, and Royal Tern, nest on islands in Maryland's Coastal Bays, but those sites are slowly being overtaken by rising sea levels and erosion. In order to preserve the various species and allow them to find appropriate nesting areas, the Department of Natural Resources, along with Audubon Mid-Atlantic and Maryland Coastal Bays Program, instituted a conservation project: the Tern Raft. The Tern Raft is a 2,304 square-foot, wooden-framed platform that is anchored in Sinepuxent Bay. The wave-flexible Raft is covered with clam shells and includes chick shelters and fake grass, as well as Tern decoys. Following its 2021 launch, the original Raft (1,024 square feet) was immediately successful, as 23 pairs of Common Terns nested on it, making it the species' largest breeding colony in the Coastal Bays.

    [photo, Feeding mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), City Dock, Annapolis, Maryland] The Wildlife & Heritage Service of the Department of Natural Resources has information on efforts to protect birds throughout the State.

    A division of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Eastern Ecological Science Center conducts research and programs on natural resource conservation along with studies of migratory bird habits, waterfowl harvest, and ecosystem management.

    Feeding mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), City Dock, Annapolis, Maryland, September 2008. Photo by Diane F. Evartt.

    [photo, Hen, Kinder Farm Park, Millersville, Maryland] [photo, Hen, Annapolis, Maryland] Maryland's avian presence includes its poultry industry, which sustains nearly one third of Maryland's agriculture.

    Hen (left), Kinder Farm Park, Millersville, Maryland, January 2019. Photo by Diane F. Evartt.

    Hen (right), Annapolis, Maryland, August 2003. Photo by Diane F. Evartt.

    MARYLAND BIRDS

    A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
    [photo, Gourd birdhouses, Vienna, Maryland] Albatross, Yellow-nosed (Thalassarche chlororhynchos)
    Yellow-nosed Albatrosses have gray heads, white hindnecks, and black eye patches. They have a black saddle and tail, as well as black upperwings. Except for a black edge along the wings, their undersides are white. Their bills are black with a yellow stripe down the middle and a pink tip. They eat fish, crustaceans, and squid, but also will scavenge from fishing boats. Their nests are built on rocks, among ferns or grass, or under trees, and they live in colonies.

    Gourd birdhouses, Vienna, Maryland, May 2017. Photo by Diane F. Evartt.

    Anhinga (Anhinga anhinga)
    Anhingas are large water birds. The males have black-green bodies and gray feathers on their necks. Females have tan or gray heads, necks, and upper chests. Anhingas have long necks and tails, pointed bills, and silver-white patches on their wings and backs. They primarily eat fish, but also will eat crustaceans. They build their nests in trees close to water and usually live in colonies of several hundred other birds. Unlike other water birds, Anhingas' feathers aren't completely waterproof. Indeed, before they can fly, they must spread their wings out to dry. While flying, they can soar on thermal currents without flapping their wings. While swimming, they sink deeper in the water. Also known as Darter, Snakebird, and Water Turkey.

    Ani, Groove-billed (Crotophaga sulcirostris)
    The Groove-billed Anis are tropical black birds with a long tails and large, grooved beaks. They eat insects and seeds and nest in pastures and orchards. Living in small colonies, they lay their eggs in a communal nest.

    Avocet, American (Recurvirostra americana)
    American Avocets have black and white back feathers, white bellies, and gray or cinnamon heads. With long, thin, upturned bills and gray legs, they forage in shallow water for insects or small crustaceans. Along the shoreline of marshes and beaches, they nest in colonies, sometimes laying their eggs in the nests of other birds, and will attack any predator that comes too close. Chicks are self-reliant after they hatch, and they find their own food. Also known as Blue Shanks.

    Bittern, American (Botaurus lentiginosus)
    American Bitterns are herons. They have long thick bills. Their brown-tan and white stout bodies camouflage them among the reeds. They eat insects, crustaceans, fish, reptiles, and small mammals. Living in shallow, freshwater marshes and ponds, they usually build their nests on aquatic vegetation. American Bitterns are solitary birds that hunt at night. When spotted by a potential predator, the American Bittern will become motionless, blending into the surrounding plants. Also known as Stake Driver and Thunder Pumper.

    Bittern, Least (Ixobrychus exilis)
    Least Bitterns have a black or dark brown back and top of head, brown-orange face and sides, and white throat and chest with brown-orange stripes. They have long necks and yellow bills and eyes. Wading through the water or straddling reed stalks to catch prey, they eat fish, reptiles, crustaceans, and insects. They live in both freshwater and brackish marshes where they build nests on the ground among thick vegetation. If alarmed, the Least Bittern stops perfectly still, raising its bill and turning toward the danger, even swaying like the reeds. The Least Bittern is one of smallest herons in existence.

    Blackbird, Brewer's (Euphagus cyanocephalus)
    Male Brewer's Blackbirds are black with an iridescent blue-green body and blue-purple head. Their eyes are yellow and legs and feet are black. The female is brown, including the eyes, with darker shades on the wings and tail. Generally, they eat seeds, grains, and insects, but also will eat amphibians and other birds. In marshes, fields, parks, and lawns, they live in colonies, building nests in trees, reeds, or on the ground. Brewer's Blackbirds will dive at possible predators to scare them off.

    Blackbird, Red-winged (Agelaius phoeniceus)
    Male Red-winged Blackbirds are black with red-and-yellow patches on their wings, while females are brown with streaks. They eat insects and seeds. Living in marshes, fields, and meadows, Red-winged Blackbirds build their nests near the ground among the vegetation. Males are very territorial and will attack other birds, larger animals, and people that come too close to the nests.

    Blackbird, Rusty (Euphagus carolinus)
    Male Rusty Blackbirds are black with a purple-green sheen, though they have rust-colored edges on their feathers and pale eyebrows during the winter. The female are brown-gray with pale eyebrows, rust-colored feather edges, and dark feathers around the eyes. Rusty Blackbirds have pale yellow eyes and thin, pointed bills. They primarily eat insects, seeds, acorns, and fruit, but will also eat other birds. They live in swamps, marshes, and flooded forests, where they build nests in shrubs or trees. The Rusty Blackbird has seen a severe population decrease in recent years, over 90%, possibly due to loss of habitat.

    Blackbird, Yellow-headed (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus)
    The male Yellow-headed Blackbird is black, with a bright gold head and chest and has white patches on its wings. Females are brown with pale yellow faces and throats. They eat insects in summer and seeds other times, often forming into a "rolling flock" in agricultural fields where the birds in the back continuously fly to the front to find food, an event that can recur for days. They nest in marshes, building their nests in reeds or other vegetation above water. When foraging in winter, they live in grasslands or crop fields.

    Bluebird, Eastern (Sialia sialis)
    Male Eastern Bluebirds have blue heads and wings, red throats and chests, and gray lower bodies, while females have gray heads and backs with gray-blue wings, brown chests, and white lower bodies. They eat insects, fruits, and occasionally, reptiles and amphibians. They live near woods and in fields, backyards, and parks, and build their nests in tree cavities or nest boxes.

    The Eastern Bluebird is the Official Bird of Caroline County (County Code, sec. 30-3), and Prince George's County (County Council Resolution, March 17, 1976).

    Bluebird, Mountain (Sialia currucoides)
    Male Mountain Bluebirds are bright blue with darker shades on the wings and tail and lighter bellies. Females are gray-brown with areas of lighter blue on their wings and tails, but their chests can have a brown-orange hue at times. Mountain Bluebirds have black eyes and beaks. They primarily eat insects, but also seeds and fruits. Mountain Bluebirds usually fly from their perch to get food, but they can also hover above the ground, diving onto their prey. They build their nests in mountain hillsides, meadows, grasslands, and pastures, using either tree cavities or nesting boxes.

    Brant (Branta bernicla)
    Brants are small geese that have black heads, necks, and chests and gray-brown wings. They have a white "collar" and, depending on the coast, can have either gray bellies (Atlantic) or black bellies (Pacific). Brants eat grasses, seaweed, and grains. They live in low coastal tundras. From the Arctic Circle, Brants migrate and spend their winter months along Maryland's coastal waters and those of other mid-Atlantic states.

    [photo, Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), Baltimore, Maryland] Cardinal, Northern (Cardinalis cardinalis)
    Cardinals are known for both their color and their variety of songs. Male cardinals are bright red with crested heads and black around their eyes and beaks. Females are brown with red wings and crests. Cardinals sing all year and unlike other songbird species, the females sing as well. Cardinals eat berries, insects, and seeds, especially sunflower seeds. They nest in thickets or evergreens, often near water. Cardinals can have up to four broods of chicks in a season.


    Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), Baltimore, Maryland, January 2016. Photo by Sarah A. Hanks.

    [photo, Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis), Baltimore, Maryland] Catbird, Gray (Dumetella carolinensis)
    Catbirds are dark gray with black-capped heads and black tails. They eat insects and fruit, including blackberries and cherries. Catbirds nest in dense shrubs close to the ground and often are found in swampy areas. Extremely protective of their nests, Catbirds attack predators or other birds that come too close, and destroy any Cowbird eggs found among their own. During the winter months, they migrate south.

    Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis), Baltimore, Maryland, September 2016. Photo by Sarah A. Hanks.

    Chickadee, Carolina (Poecile carolinensis)
    Chickadees are small birds that have gray bodies, white bellies, and black heads and throats. Their diet is mostly insects, but they will also eat fruit and seeds, especially sunflower seeds. They build their nests inside tree cavities or nest boxes.

    Cowbird, Brown-headed (Molothrus ater)
    Male Brown-headed Cowbirds have brown heads and black bodies, while females are brown with streaks on their bellies. They eat seeds and insects and live in fields, orchards, pastures, and in backyards. Brown-headed Cowbirds lay their eggs in the nests of other birds.

    Crow, American (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
    Crows are completely black and have glossy feathers. They eat a variety of food, including seeds, fruit, insects, and small animals. Crows make more than twenty different sounds. They live in most types of habitats, except desert areas. Intelligent birds, Crows are known to use tools, especially when it comes to food. Living and nesting in large flocks, Crows are social birds, but also aggressive, chasing away larger predatory birds or intruders.

    [photo, Eurasian Collared-Dove (Streptopelia decaocto), Glen Burnie, Maryland] Dove, Eurasian Collared- (Streptopelia decaocto)
    Eurasian Collared-Doves have gray or light brown bodies, white patches on their tails, and dark wingtips. Their legs and irises are red and they have black beaks and a black patch or "half-collar" on the back of their necks. They eat seeds, corn, millet, and wheat, as well as berries and insects. They nest in both urban and agricultural areas, but tend to avoid dense forests. They are usually seen in pairs and, unlike most birds, drink water with their heads down. The Eurasian Collared-Dove is an invasive species.

    Eurasian Collared-Dove (Streptopelia decaocto), Glen Burnie, Maryland, April 2011. Photo by Diane F. Evartt.

    [photo, Mourning Doves (Zenaida macroura), Baltimore, Maryland] [photo, Mourning Doves (Zenaida macroura), Baltimore, Maryland] Dove, Mourning (Zenaida macroura)
    Doves have gray bodies and brown feathers with black spots behind their eyes. They eat seeds, corn, and wheat. Doves will eat a small stone that is then used to grind up the seeds that have been consumed. They nest near fields, preferably in coniferous trees.

    Mourning Doves (Zenaida macroura), Baltimore, Maryland, January 2016 (left), July 2019 (right). Photos by Sarah A. Hanks.

    Duck, Wood (Aix sponsa)
    Male Wood Ducks are very colorful, with shiny green heads and black, white, brown, and purple bodies. Females are gray-brown with white speckles. They eat seeds, grasses, fruit, and insects. Wood Ducks live in wooded areas, within a mile of water, and nest in high tree cavities. They also will live in nest boxes. Most Wood Ducks migrate south during the winter months.

    Dunlin (Calidris alpina)
    Dunlins are sandpipers. During breeding season, they have red backs and caps and black bellies; the rest of the year, their feathers show brown-gray with white bellies. They have black legs and long, slightly curved bills. Juveniles are brown-red with black spotted bellies and "V" shapes on their backs. Dunlins eat insects and small crustaceans. They live in coastal tundras. From Alaska and Canada, Dunlins migrate to spend their winter months around Atlantic coastal areas, including the Chesapeake Bay.

    Eagle, Bald (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
    Adult Bald Eagles have dark brown bodies, yellow beaks and talons, and white heads and tails, while juveniles are completely dark. They are about three feet tall and have a six-foot wingspan. Bald Eagles primarily eat fish, but also will eat birds and small animals, living or dead. They live near water, building their nests high up in large trees. The Bald Eagle was removed from Maryland's list of threatened and endangered species in April 2010.
    [photo, Great Egret (Ardea alba), Fort Armistead Park, Baltimore, Maryland] Egret, Great (Ardea alba)
    Great Egrets are white with yellow bills, long, black legs, and necks that form an "S" shape. They live in colonies in marshes, estuaries, ponds, and on islands, building their nests in trees. They wade through wetlands, eating fish, insects, and small animals, but also will stand still in wait for prey to approach. Also known as White Heron.


    Great Egret (Ardea alba), Fort Armistead Park, Baltimore, Maryland, September 2012. Photo by Diane F. Evartt.

    Egret, Snowy (Egretta thula)
    Snowy Egrets have white bodies, black bills and legs, yellow feet, and a yellow patch between their eyes and bills. Plumes adorn their heads, necks, and backs. Snowy Egrets eat fish and other marine animals. They live in marshes and swamps and along the shore. Also known as Lesser Egret, Little White Heron, and Little White Egret. Snowy Egret populations are monitored to ensure the species' survival in Maryland.
    Falcon, Peregrine (Falco peregrinus)
    Adult Peregrine Falcons have blue-gray heads and backs, yellow eyes and feet, and lighter undersides with horizontal bars, while juveniles are brown with vertical streaks. They have a wingspan that can reach up to nearly four feet. They primarily eat birds, including pigeons, ducks, songbirds, as well as bats. They build their nests at higher elevations, usually on a cliff, but also will nest on skyscrapers and bridges. Peregrine Falcons are considered to be the fastest bird in the world, reaching up to 238 mph when diving on prey. During the winter months, Peregrine Falcons migrate south. Also known as Duck Hawk.

    Finch, Purple (Haemorhous purpureus)
    Male Purple Finches have red heads and chests, brown-red streaked backs, brown wings, and whitish bellies. Females have brown backs and wings with white-and-brown-streaked bellies and a white line above the eyes. They eat seeds, nectar, fruit, and insects. They live in evergreen and mixed forests, but also can be found in fields and backyards.

    [photo, Goldfinches (Carduelis tristis), Baltimore, Maryland] Goldfinch, American (Carduelis tristis)
    Male Goldfinches have bright yellow bodies, brown legs, black tails and wings, and a black spot on their heads. Females are olive, with black barred wings. In the winter, both genders share a similar olive-gray color. Goldfinches eat seeds, including sunflower and thistle seeds, but also will eat insects. Depending on the season, these birds live in fields, woods, or gardens, and build their nests high up in trees.

    The Goldfinch is the Official Bird of Howard County.

    Goldfinches (Carduelis tristis), Baltimore, Maryland, January 2016. Photo by Sarah A. Hanks.

    [photo, Canada Geese and gosling (Branta canadensis), Solomons, Maryland] [photo, Canada Geese (Branta canadensis), Glen Burnie, Maryland] Goose, Canada (Branta canadensis)
    Canada Geese have black heads, necks, legs, and feet, and undersides are gray to brown. Their backs are dark brown, and they have black-brown tails. A white stripe on the head runs from the throat to behind the eyes and sometimes a white "collar" separates the neck from the back.

    Canada Geese & gosling (left) (Branta canadensis), Solomons, Maryland, April 2019. Photo by Diane F. Evartt.

    Canada Geese (right) (Branta canadensis), Glen Burnie, Maryland, September 2018. Photo by Diane F. Evartt.

    [photo, Canada Geese (Branta canadensis), White Marsh, Baltimore County, Maryland] Canada Geese eat grasses, flowers, and seeds, but can also cause significant damage to agricultural crops, including corn and soybeans. They live in fields, lakes, and marshes, but also can be found in parks. Flying in a "V" pattern, many Canada Geese migrate south during the winter months, while others remain in Maryland. The Canada Goose is an invasive species.


    Canada Geese (Branta canadensis), White Marsh, Baltimore County, Maryland, August 2016. Photo by Sarah A. Hanks.

    Goshawk, Northern (Accipiter gentilis)
    Northern Goshawks have dark gray heads and backs with light barred undersides. They have white marks above their red eyes. Northern Goshawks have a wingspan of nearly four feet. They eat squirrels, crows, doves, and rabbits. In the canopies of mature forests, they live. Due to loss of habitat and competition with other birds, Northern Goshawks are endangered in Maryland.
    [photo, Common Grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), Baltimore, Maryland] Grackle, Common (Quiscalus quiscula)
    Common Grackles have iridescent bodies, purple heads, and gold eyes. Juveniles are brown. They eat seeds, insects, and small animals, including frogs, mice, and other birds. They live in fields, marshes, open woodlands, and parks and usually nest in coniferous trees. Grackles are the main threat to corn crops in the country.


    Common Grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), Baltimore, Maryland, January 2016. Photo by Sarah A. Hanks.

    Grouse, Ruffed (Bonasa umbellus)
    Ruffed Grouse are brown, black, and gray, colors which provide ideal camouflage for their lives on the forest floor. They have areas of black feathers on the sides of their necks called ruffs and there is a dark band across their tail. Ruffed Grouse eat leaves, seeds, and fruit, including crabapples, grapes, and berries. They prefer to live in young forests, but can be found in mature woods, along roads, and in fields. Ruffed Grouse are solitary birds, but will gather near food.

    Gull, Black-headed (Chroicocephalus ridibundus)
    Black-headed Gulls have gray backs, white underbellies, black-edged wings, and red bills and legs. They have dark brown heads during the breeding season, but the color fades into two dark spots behind the eyes in winter. They eat insects, seeds, fish, and berries, but also scavenge from garbage. They live around lakes, rivers, and swamps. Black-headed Gulls usually are found in Europe, but their numbers have increased in North America.

    [photo, Ring-billed Gull (Larus delawarensis), Perry Hall, Maryland] Gull, Ring-billed (Larus delawarensis)
    Ring-billed Gulls have white heads, underbellies, and tails as well as gray backs. They have black-tipped wings that contain white spots. Their legs and black-ringed bills are yellow and they have a red edge around their yellow eyes. Often in large flocks, Ring-billed Gulls can be found in parking lots, garbage dumps, parks, docks, and on beaches. They eat insects, fish, rodents, grain, but will forage and steal from other birds and people.

    Ring-billed Gull (Larus delawarensis), Perry Hall, Maryland, February 2020. Photo by Sarah A. Hanks.

    [photo, Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus), Annapolis, Maryland] Hawk, Cooper's (Accipiter cooperii)
    Adult Cooper's Hawks have blue-gray backs and heads and white undersides with horizontal reddish bars. They have long banded tails that are round at the end. Cooper's Hawks have red eyes and black caps. Juveniles are brown with dark bands on their chests and they have yellow eyes and brown caps. Their short round wings have a span of 29 inches. They eat birds, including robins and jays. They live in woods near fields and streams. Cooper's Hawks are named after William Cooper, a naturalist and co-founder of the New York Academy of Sciences. Also known as Big Blue Darter, Chicken Hawk, and Striker.

    Hawk, Red-shouldered (Buteo lineatus)
    Adult Red-shouldered Hawks have brown heads, red-orange barred chests and bellies, and long, yellow legs. Their wings exhibit dark or black and white markings as well as pale crescents near the tips and their long black tails have thin white bars. When they perch, red coloring on their shoulder area is visible. Juveniles are brown with dark markings on a pale chest and belly. They eat small mammals, amphibians, reptiles, and other birds, diving onto their prey while flying or from a nearby perch. They live in woodlands, usually near water.

    Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus), Annapolis, Maryland, January 2018. Photo by Diane F. Evartt.

    [photo, Red-tailed Hawk at Maryland State Fair, Timonium, Maryland] Hawk, Red-tailed (Buteo jamaicensis)
    Red-tailed Hawks can have brown backs and heads and pale undersides with barred bellies. They also can have red on their chests. They have short, wide tails and round wings. They eat small mammals, including mice, rabbits, and squirrels, as well as small birds, such as starlings and blackbirds. They prefer to live in open areas, including fields and farms and often will sit on telephone poles or trees while watching for prey.


    Red-tailed Hawk (rescued by Maryland Park Service, Department of Natural Resources), Maryland State Fair, Timonium,, Maryland, August 2014. Photo by Sarah A. Hanks.

    [photo, Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias), New Germany State Park, Grantsville, Maryland] Heron, Great Blue (Ardea herodias)
    Great Blue Herons have white heads, blue-gray bodies, brown thighs, and long legs. They have black plumes which run from the top of their eye to the backs of the heads. They have a seven-foot wingspan. When Great Blue Herons fly, their necks form an "S" shape. They eat aquatic animals, including fish and frogs. They live in colonies along rivers and bays. Most Great Blue Herons migrate south during winter months.

    The Great Blue Heron is the Official Bird of Charles County.

    Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias), New Germany State Park, Grantsville, Maryland, October 2015. Photo by Diane F. Evartt.

    Hummingbird, Ruby-throated (Archilochus colubris)
    Ruby-throated Hummingbirds have green caps and backs, grayish undersides, blackish wings, and long bills. Males have bright red throats, while females have white-tipped tail feathers. Ruby-throated Hummingbirds can hover or move up, down, and backwards as needed, beating their wings 53 times per second. They eat nectar, insects, and spiders. They live in parks, backyards, fields and near woods. Ruby-throated Hummingbirds migrate south during the winter months.
    [photo, Blue Jay, (Cyanocitta cristata), Baltimore, Maryland] Jay, Blue (Cyanocitta cristata)
    Blue Jays are blue with black and white markings and gray undersides. They have crested heads, black beaks, and black markings around their faces and necks. They eat acorns, seeds, other nuts, insects, grains, and in rare instances, other birds. They store food for later consumption. Blue Jays live in forests, parks, and backyards, particularly those areas with oak trees.


    Blue Jay, (Cyanocitta cristata), Baltimore, Maryland, January 2016. Photo by Sarah A. Hanks.

    [photo, Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis), Baltimore, Maryland] Junco, Dark-eyed (Junco hyemalis)
    Dark-eyed Juncos are usually gray or brown with a white belly. They have pink bills and white tail feathers. Dark-eyed Juncos prefer to eat seeds, especially sunflower seeds, but also will eat insects. They live in forests, especially those with pines and spruces, but can be found in shrubs and gardens. Dark-eyed Juncos migrate from Canada and spend their winter months in the U.S., including in Maryland, though some do remain in the State year-round.


    Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis), Baltimore, Maryland, January 2016. Photo by Sarah A. Hanks.

    Loon, Common (Gavia immer)
    Loons have black backs and white undersides, though they can also have a black-and-white-checkered pattern on their backs and necks. They have gray or black bills and black heads. Loons eat small aquatic animals, including fish. They live in woodland lakes, ponds, and bays, nesting near the shoreline. Loons migrate from Canada and spend their winter months in the U.S., including in Maryland.
    [photo, Female Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Annapolis, Maryland] Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)
    Male Mallards have green heads, gray bodies with black rumps and brown chests, and yellow bills. Females and juveniles have brown streaks and orange-brown bills. Mallards have a blue patch on the wings. They eat seeds, grasses, grains, and insects. They live in lakes, marshes, parks, and backyards. When Mallards migrate, they can fly 55 mph.


    Female Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Annapolis, Maryland, May 2018. Photo by Diane F. Evartt.

    Martin, Purple (Progne subis)
    Male Purple Martins are iridescent, purple-black with a blue sheen, with black-brown wings and tails, while females and juveniles are dark on top with gray heads and white-tan bellies. They eat flying insects, including dragonflies, stinkbugs, midges, and wasps. In western states, they live in colonies in tree cavities or cliffs, but in the East, they nest exclusively in nest boxes or houses. Purple Martins migrate south during the winter months.

    The Purple Martin is the Official Bird of Calvert County.

    Merganser, Hooded (Lophodytes cucullatus)
    Hooded Mergansers are small ducks known for the wide crest or hood on their heads. The males are black with chestnut sides, white hoods, and yellow eyes, while the females are gray-brown with cinnamon hoods and dark eyes. They have serrated bills and an extra eyelid which allows for better underwater vision while foraging. They eat frogs, small fish, crabs, and grasses. They live in wooded lakes, rivers, and bays, nesting in tree cavities.

    [photo, Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos), Baltimore, Maryland] Mockingbird, Northern (Mimus polyglottos)
    Mockingbirds are gray with light gray undersides and dark gray, white-spotted wings. They eat fruits and insects. They live in gardens, fields, and near woods. They are extremely territorial and will defend their feeding areas and nests against intruders, including crows and hawks. Mockingbirds can sing around two hundred songs and can imitate many sounds that they hear.


    Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos), Baltimore, Maryland, September 2016. Photo by Sarah A. Hanks.

    Nuthatch, White-breasted (Sitta carolinensis)
    White-breasted Nuthatches have blue-gray backs, black or gray caps, white faces and undersides, and chestnut bellies. They eat insects, seeds, and nuts. Nuthatches live in wooded areas, preferably mature forests, but can also be found in gardens. Nuthatches can walk up and down trees. Their name comes from their habit of sticking nuts or acorn into tree bark or crevices, then using their bills to "hatch" the seed inside.
    Oriole, Baltimore (Icterus galbula)
    Male Baltimore Orioles have bright orange bodies, black heads, black and white wings, and black and orange tails. Females and juveniles have brown backs, orange undersides, and white bars on their wings. Baltimore Orioles eat insects and dark, ripe fruit and will drink nectar. They prefer to live in large deciduous trees in open woodlands and near streams, but can be found in gardens. Baltimore Orioles migrate south during winter months. Their populations are decreasing due to habitat loss and insecticides. Their name comes from the colors of their plumage, orange and black, the same as found on the coat of arms of George Calvert, 1st Lord Baltimore.

    The Baltimore Oriole is Maryland's State Bird.

    Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)
    Ospreys have brown backs and white heads and undersides with brown patches on the wings. They have brown stripes across their eyes. Juveniles have white spots across their backs and tan coloring on their chests. Ospreys primarily eat fish, but also will eat carrion. They live near water, building their nests on poles, nesting platforms, and trees. They will hover above the water before diving up to three feet to catch a fish. Ospreys migrate south during the winter months. Also known as Sea Hawk.

    In the summer months, the Chesapeake Bay is home to nearly one-quarter of the nation's Osprey population. Currently, some 10,000 nesting pairs of Ospreys are found throughout the Bay.

    [photo, Barn Owl at Maryland State Fair, Timonium, Maryland] Owl, Barn (Tyto alba)
    Barn Owls have beige-gold heads, backs, and wings, with white heart-shaped faces, white undersides, and dark eyes. They have round heads without tufts, round wings, and short tails. Barn Owls are nocturnal, flying low over fields or marshes and listening for prey. They live in trees or buildings, such as barns or silos. Barn Owl populations are decreasing due to habitat loss and rodenticides and sightings in Maryland are rare.


    Barn Owl (rescued by Maryland Park Service, Department of Natural Resources), Maryland State Fair, Timonium,, Maryland, August 2014. Photo by Sarah A. Hanks.

    [photo, Eastern Screech Owl at Maryland State Fair, Timonium, Maryland] Owl, Barred (Strix varia)
    Barred Owls are brown and white with dark brown eyes. They have brown bars running across their chests and down their bellies. Barred Owls have round heads without tufts and round tails. The wings and tails have brown and white bars. They are nocturnal and will hunt for small animals, especially rodents. Barred Owls live in tree cavities in mature woods near water.

    Owl, Eastern Screech (Megascops asio)
    Eastern Screech Owls are gray or brown-red. They have ear tufts, bands and spots which provide camouflage among trees. Eastern Screech Owls are nocturnal. They eat small mammals, birds, and even insects, and then regurgitate the bones and other leftovers into oval-shaped pellets. Eastern Screech Owls live in tree cavities in woods near water, or in nest boxes.

    Eastern Screech Owl (rescued by Maryland Park Service, Department of Natural Resources), Maryland State Fair, Timonium, Maryland, August 2014. Photo by Sarah A. Hanks.

    [photo, Great Horned Owl (stuffed), Delmarva Discovery Center and Museum, 2 Market St., Pocomoke City, Maryland] Owl, Great Horned (Bubo virginianus)
    Great Horned Owls are brown-gray with brown-red faces, yellow eyes and a white mark on their throats. They have two ear tufts that look like horns. Their wingspan can reach five feet. Great Horned Owls are usually nocturnal. They eat other birds and small mammals, but also will eat insects, fish, and carrion. They prefer to live in young forests near fields, but can live in other forests, deserts, swamps, and parks. Great Horned Owls are the largest tufted owl in Maryland.

    Owl, Long-eared (Asio otus)
    Long-eared Owls are brown-gray with tan or orange faces, square heads, and yellow eyes. They have black, brown, and tan marks on their feathers and two white lines between the eyes. Their ear tufts are long and black with orange or tan fringes. Long-eared Owls are nocturnal, spending their days camouflaged among trees and flying low over open ground at night for voles and mice. They live in forests near fields. Long-eared Owls are rarely seen in Maryland.

    Great Horned Owl (stuffed), Delmarva Discovery Center & Museum, 2 Market St., Pocomoke City, Maryland, June 2018. Photo by Diane F. Evartt.

    Owl, Northern Saw-whet (Aegolius acadicus)
    Northern Saw-whet Owls are brown and white with yellow eyes and large, round, spotted heads without tufts. Juveniles are brown with yellow undersides. They are nocturnal and eat small rodents and insects. Saw-whet Owls spend the winter months in Maryland, usually in a tree cavity in dense woods, but they also will use nest boxes. Saw-whet Owls are the smallest owl in Maryland. Their name comes from the sound they make which resembles the "whetting" or sharpening of a saw. Northern Saw-whet Owls are endangered in Maryland.

    Owl, Short-eared (Asio flammeus)
    Short-eared Owls are brown with streaked chests, round heads with small ear tufts, and have tan spots on their outer wings. They have white-tan faces with yellow eyes. They eat small rodents. Short-eared Owls live in open areas, such as marshes or meadows, and nest on the ground or in nest boxes. Short-eared Owls can be seen in Maryland during their migration from Canada and the northern U.S.

    Owl, Snowy (Bubo scandiacus)
    Snowy Owls are white with dark markings on their bodies and wings. They have round heads without tufts and yellow eyes. They eat small rodents, especially lemmings, as well as birds. Snowy Owls live in tundras and make their nests on the ground. Snowy Owls migrate from Canada and spend their winter months in the upper half of the U.S., including Maryland.

    Pigeon, Rock (Columba livia)
    Rock Pigeons are generally gray with black-banded wings, dark-tipped tails, iridescent throats, and yellow or orange eyes. They also may be white or black in overall color. They eat seeds, fruits, grains, and bread crumbs. They live in fields, farms, parks, and cliffs, and nest in trees, on ledges, or in manmade structures. Rock Pigeons always can find their way home and were used by the U.S. Army during the two World Wars to carry messages. Also known as Rock Dove.

    Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus)
    Piping Plovers are shorebirds that have tan backs, white undersides, yellow legs, and a black or brown band between their eyes and around their necks. They eat small marine animals and insects. They nest on open sandy beaches. Piping Plovers migrate south during winter months. Their populations are decreasing due to habitat loss. Piping Plovers are endangered in Maryland.

    Quail, Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)
    Northern Bobwhite Quail are brown, gray, red, tan, and black, colors that provide excellent camouflage. Males have white throats and eyebrows, while females and juveniles have tan throats and eyebrows. They eat insects, seeds, and grain crops. Northern Bobwhite Quail live in fields, croplands, and pine forests. They build their nests in the ground or in low vegetation. Northern Bobwhite Quail populations have decreased due to habitat loss.
    Raven, Common (Corvus corax)
    Ravens are completely black with shaggy throat feathers and slender, wedge-shaped tails. They have a four-and-a-half foot wingspan. Ravens eat small animals, insects, fruit, seeds, and carrion. They live in forests, grasslands, tundras, along coastlines, and in the high desert. Ravens are intelligent birds, with the ability to solve problems and mimic the calls of other birds.
    [photo, American Robin (Turdus migratorius) on Government House fence, Annapolis, Maryland] Robin, American (Turdus migratorius)
    American Robins are gray-brown with orange undersides and black-gray heads. They have a white patch on their bellies, white rings around their eyes, and yellow bills. The juveniles have white spots on their chests. They eat insects, especially worms, and fruit. They live in fields, parks, yards, forests, and tundras, but during the winter, most will move to woods that contain berry trees. Robins are one of the first birds singing in the morning and one of the last at night. The name comes from the first English settlers, who thought that it looked like their native robins, but the American Robin is actually a thrush.

    The American Robin is the Official Bird of Montgomery County (County Code, sec. 1-405, Dec. 14, 1988).

    American Robin (Turdus migratorius) on Government House fence, Annapolis, Maryland, June 2010. Photo by Diane F. Evartt.

    Sandpiper, Semi-palmated (Calidris pusilla)
    Semi-palmated Sandpipers have gray-brown heads and backs, white undersides, and black legs. Their toes are webbed or palmated. They live on coastal tundras in Canada and Alaska, but spend their winter months in South America and the Caribbean. During their spring and fall migrations, Semi-palmated Sandpipers stop over in the Chesapeake Bay area.

    Sandpiper, Spotted (Actitis macularius)
    Spotted Sandpipers have dark brown backs, white chests with dark spots, and orange bills during the breeding season. During the rest of the year, they have brown-gray backs, white chests, and yellow bills. When they walk, they teeter and bob their tails. Spotted Sandpipers eat insects and crustaceans. They live near water, along rivers, beaches, streams, and in mountains. The females establish and defend their territory and initiate courtship, while the males take care of the nest and the young. Spotted Sandpipers migrate south during the winter months.

    Skimmer, Black (Rynchops niger)
    Black Skimmers have black backs, white undersides, orange feet, red and black bills, and red legs. Juveniles have black-and-white backs and heads. They skim over the surface of the water, eating small fish and crustaceans. Black Skimmers migrate south during winter months. They nest on sandy beaches or shell bars. Due to loss of habitat, Black Skimmers are an endangered species in Maryland.

    [photo, House Sparrow on White Pine, Annapolis, Maryland] Sparrow, House (Passer domesticus )
    Male House Sparrows have brown heads with a gray patch, gray bellies, white cheeks and eye spots, and brown and black streaks on their wings and backs. Around their bills and eyes and on their throats are black patches. Females are brown with dark streaks and gray-brown bellies. House Sparrows eat seeds, grains, and insects. They live in areas with high human habitation, including cities and suburbs, and prefer to build nests in house walls and nest boxes, which they will defend aggressively. House Sparrows take both water and dust baths.

    House Sparrow on White Pine, Annapolis, Maryland, May 2015. Photo by Diane F. Evartt.

    Sparrow, White-throated (Zonotrichia albicollis)
    White-throated Sparrows have brown backs, gray undersides, a white patch on their throats, and yellow spots between the eyes. Some have black-and-white-striped heads, while others are tan-brown. They eat insects, buds, and seeds, especially sunflower seeds. They live in parks, thickets, deciduous forests, and near ponds. They migrate from Canada and spend their winter months throughout the eastern and coastal U.S., including Maryland.

    Swan, Mute (Cygnus olor)
    Adult Mute Swans are large white birds with black faces, curved necks, and orange bills with black knobs. Juveniles can be gray with tan or gray bills. They live in shallow ponds, streams, and estuaries. While swimming, they may raise their wings slightly over their backs, forming a hump. They primarily eat bay grass, up to 8 pounds a day, but will also eat small animals. Mute Swans are aggressive birds, chasing people and other birds away from their nesting grounds. The Mute Swan is an invasive species.

    Swan, Tundra (Cygnus columbianus)
    Tundra Swans are white, though their heads and necks may be brown. They have black legs and beaks and a yellow mark near the eyes. They eat aquatic plants, seeds, and mollusks. They breed near lakes on the tundra. Tundra Swans seen in Maryland are known as the Eastern population. They migrate south from Canada and spend their winter months in Maryland, living in marshes and tidal estuaries.

    Swift, Chimney (Chaetura pelagica)
    Chimney Swifts are gray-brown with narrow, curved wings, small beaks, and legs that are built to cling onto walls, but not perch. Chimney Swifts eat flying insects, foraging in fields and over lakes, though they nest in chimneys or in other dark, enclosed areas, such as caves, hollow trees, and wells. At dusk, they will flock together and in a whirling motion, swoop down into one chimney. Chimney Swifts migrate south during the winter months. Their populations have been declining due to loss of habitat.

    Titmouse, Tufted (Baeolophus bicolor)
    Tufted Titmice have gray backs, white undersides with a peach stripe near the wings, crested heads, and a black spot above the bill. They eat insects, seeds, nuts, and berries. They live in woodlands, parks, and backyards, building their nests in dead trees, cavities, or nest boxes and often lining them with hair pulled from animals and people.

    Turkey, Wild (Meleagris gallopavo)
    Male Wild Turkeys are brown to black with iridescent feathers with heads that turn white, red, or blue during breeding season. They have spurs on their legs and a "beard" that extends off the chest. Females are duller, lacking spurs and usually the beard, and their heads stay the same color as their bodies. Turkeys eat acorns, seeds, fruits, and insects. They prefer to live in mature forests, but can be found in fields as well. They nest in leaves near trees and bushes or in overgrown fields. Turkeys are known to swim and can fly short distances at up to 50 mph, if necessary.

    [photo, Immature Turkey Vulture, Upper Falls (Baltimore County), Maryland] Vulture, Turkey (Cathartes aura)
    Adult Turkey Vultures are dark brown with red heads, light-tipped bills, and pale underside feathers. Immature birds have gray heads, black-tipped bills, and dark bodies with gold-edged wings. They have long tails and wingtip feathers. Since they don't have vocal organs, Turkey Vultures cannot sing. Instead they make a hissing sound. These birds nest in caves, dead trees, and abandoned buildings or nests. At night, they roost on towers, poles, and dead trees. Often they are seen soaring over roads and fields, or perching in trees or on poles, sometimes with their wings outstretched. Turkey Vultures are scavengers and can detect carrion by their keen sense of smell.


    Immature Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura), Upper Falls (Baltimore County), Maryland, August 2014. Photo by Sarah A. Hanks.

    Warbler, Black-and-White (Mniotilta varia)
    Black-and-White Warblers are striped and they have black wings with white bars. Females usually have a tan area on their flanks. They eat insects and will walk up and down trees looking for them. Black-and-White Warblers prefer mixed forests, but also will live in gardens, orchards, and wetland. Often, they will nest at the base of a tree or under a bush. During the winter months, they migrate south.

    Warbler, Yellow (Setophaga petechia)
    Yellow Warblers are bright yellow, though males have red streaks on their undersides. They eat insects and fruit. Yellow Warblers live in thickets, woodlands, parks, and near streams. They migrate south during winter months. Yellow Warblers are known to build new nests on top of ones parasitized by Cowbirds.

    Waxwing, Cedar (Bombycilla cedrorum)
    Cedar Waxwings are brown-gray with black faces outlined in white, pale yellow bellies, and crested heads. Their wing feathers have red waxy tips and their tails have a yellow tip. Juveniles have browner backs, streaked undersides, and lack the red wingtips. Cedar Waxwings eat fruit and insects and tend to feed in flocks. If they eat too many overripe berries, they can become intoxicated. They live in orchards, woodlands, gardens, and farms.

    Woodcock, American (Scolopax minor)
    American Woodcock are brown, black, tan, and gray, colors which provide excellent camouflage among the leaves. Their have black bars across their heads and dark-light markings on their shoulders and brown wings. American Woodcock eat insects, primarily worms, but also will eat seeds. They live in young forests and fields. Most American Woodcock will migrate south during the winter months.

    Woodpecker, Downy (Picoides pubescens)
    Downy Woodpeckers have black-and-white-striped heads, black wings with white spots, black backs with a central white stripe, and white-gray undersides. Males have a red spot on the backs of their heads. Downy Woodpeckers eat insects, berries, and seeds, especially sunflower seeds. They live in open woodlands, parks, and backyards and they nest in dead trees. Instead of singing, Downy Woodpeckers drum their bills against wood.

    Woodpecker, Red-bellied (Melanerpes carolinus)
    Male Red-bellied Woodpeckers have black-and-white backs and wings and red caps that run from their bills to their necks, while females have gray heads with red patches on their necks and above their bills. Juveniles do not have any red on their heads. Red-bellied Woodpeckers have pink, not red, bellies and long, barbed tongues. They climb up and down trees, eating insects, nuts, seeds, acorns, and fruit. They live in mature forests and woodlands, but also can be in backyards.

    Wren, Bewick's (Thryomanes bewickii)
    Bewick's Wrens are brown, and have gray-white throats and undersides, black-barred tails, and white stripes over the eyes. They eat insects. Bewick's Wrens live in scrubby areas, gardens, parks, and open woodlands near streams and make their nests in tree cavities. Bewick's Wrens are named after Thomas Bewick, a friend of John James Audubon, who was the first person to recognize the bird. Bewick's Wrens are endangered in Maryland.

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